Author: Jonathan Kristinus
Updated: 13 January 2026
Pernah nggak, sih, membaca deskripsi teks dalam bahasa Inggris? Misalnya teks yang menjelaskan atau menggambarkan luas wilayah, jarak, atau lokasi dari objek wisata tertentu. Nah, deskripsi yang kamu baca tersebut sebenarnya merupakan salah satu contoh dari descriptive text. Penasaran soal definisi descriptive text, tujuan penggunaan, ciri-ciri, hingga contoh soalnya? Simak bersama, yuk!
Descriptive text adalah teks dalam bahasa Inggris yang digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan satu objek tertentu secara rinci sehingga pembaca seolah-olah dapat melihat atau membayangkan objek tersebut dengan jelas. Objek dalam hal ini bisa berbagai hal, mulai dari menjabarkan ukuran, warna, bentuk, dan masih banyak lagi.
BACA JUGA: Masih Bingung Soal Recount Text dalam Bahasa Inggris? Ini Penjelasannya!
Walaupun banyak buku hanya menulis satu tujuan umum, yaitu “to describe an object in detail”, tujuan ini bisa diuraikan menjadi beberapa fungsi praktis berikut.
Tujuan utama adalah menggambarkan satu objek tertentu secara detail, misalnya satu orang, satu tempat, satu hewan, atau satu benda.
Pembaca diharapkan mendapat gambaran yang jelas tentang seperti apa objek tersebut.
Descriptive text memberikan informasi detail (warna, ukuran, bentuk, suasana, suara, bau, dan lain-lain) sehingga pembaca seolah-olah melihat, berada di tempat itu, atau berhadapan langsung dengan objeknya.
Teks ini menyajikan informasi tentang ciri-ciri, kualitas, karakter, dan sifat objek (misalnya karakter teman, bentuk rumah, suasana pantai, kebiasaan hewan peliharaan).
Dalam beberapa jenis descriptive text, terutama yang bersifat subjektif, penulis juga menyampaikan pendapat, kesan, dan perasaannya terhadap objek sehingga pembaca tahu bagaimana penulis memandang objek tersebut.
Dalam konteks pembelajaran bahasa Inggris, descriptive text digunakan untuk melatih penggunaan simple present tense, adjective, noun phrase, dan kosa kata deskriptif sehingga kemampuan membaca dan menulis siswa meningkat.
Berbagai sumber pembelajaran bahasa Inggris di Indonesia menyebutkan beberapa ciri kebahasaan (language features) khas descriptive text seperti berikut.
Descriptive text biasanya memakai simple present tense karena menjelaskan fakta atau kebiasaan tentang objek yang sifatnya umum/masih berlaku sekarang.
Contoh:
Satu teks hanya membahas satu objek secara spesifik, bukan membahas banyak objek secara umum.
Misalnya: hanya “my cat Ucup”, bukan semua kucing di dunia.
Untuk menggambarkan objek dengan jelas, descriptive text memakai banyak kata sifat seperti beautiful, tall, small, crowded, clean, old, friendly, delicious, dan lain-lain.
Descriptive text kaya dengan kata benda (noun) dan frasa benda (noun phrase) yang menjelaskan objek atau bagiannya, misalnya a big white house, a small black cat, a beautiful beach.
Informasi yang diberikan detail dan spesifik, misalnya warna, ukuran, bentuk, usia, lokasi, kebiasaan, suasana, dan fakta unik tentang objek.
BACA JUGA: Explanation Text: Contoh, Struktur dan Jenisnya
Descriptive text memiliki struktur generik yang jelas dan sistematis yang membantu penulis mengorganisir informasi sehingga pembaca dapat membayangkan objek yang dideskripsikan dengan jelas. Berikut adalah penjelasan lengkap tentang struktur tersebut.
Bagian pertama dari descriptive text ini berfungsi memperkenalkan atau mengidentifikasi objek yang akan dideskripsikan. Pada bagian ini, kamu akan menjawab pertanyaan: "Apa objeknya?" atau "Dari mana objek itu berasal?" atau "Siapa pemiliknya?"
Fungsi:
Isi dalam Identification
Contoh Identification:
Borobudur is a Hindu-Buddhist temple. It was built in the ninth century under the Sailendra dynasty of the ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Dari contoh descriptive di atas, kamu langsung tahu bahwa:
Bagian kedua yang menjelaskan detail dan karakteristik objek secara spesifik dan mendalam. Pada bagian ini, penulis menggambarkan sifat-sifat, ciri-ciri, bentuk, warna, fungsi, kebiasaan, dan informasi detail lainnya tentang objek.
Fungsi:
Elemen yang biasanya ada dalam Description:
Contoh Description:
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consists of eight steps like a stone terrace. The first five terraces are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Buddhist sculptures in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire edifice is crowned by a large stupa at the center of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and stairways. The design of Borobudur, which symbolizes the structure of the universe, influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia. Borobudur temple which was rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for the Indonesian people.
Dari contoh descriptive text di atas, kamu mendapat informasi detail tentang:
Descriptive text dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi berbagai jenis berdasarkan cara pendeskripsiannya dan objek yang dideskripsikan. Berikut adalah penjelasan komprehensif mengenai semua jenis descriptive text yang ada.
Jenis yang pertama inidigunakan untuk menggambarkan objek berdasarkan perasaan, kesan, atau opini pribadi penulis, yang mungkin tidak selalu sesuai kenyataan. Deskripsi ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh pandangan dan emosi penulis terhadap objek.
Ciri-ciri:
Contoh
My Favorite Coffee Shop
The coffee shop on the corner is absolutely magical. The warm aroma of fresh coffee makes my heart feel at peace. The soft lighting creates such a cozy and romantic atmosphere that I never want to leave. The owner is incredibly friendly and always greets me with a warm smile. I think this is the most wonderful place in the city!
Jenis descriptive text yang kedua digunakan unutk menggambarkan objek sesuai keadaan sebenarnya tanpa tambahan opini. Informasi disajikan apa adanya agar pembaca bisa membayangkan secara akurat dan terukur, tanpa embel-embel dari sudut pandang pribadi penulis.
Ciri-ciri:
Contoh
Gajah (Elephant)
Elephants are large mammals with a long trunk. Adult male elephants typically weigh between 5,000 to 14,000 kilograms. Their skin color is gray, and their ears are large and fan-shaped. They live in groups and inhabit savannas, forests, and grasslands in Africa and Asia. Elephants are herbivores and can live up to 70 years in the wild.
Spatial Description
Jenis descriptive text ini lebih fokus pada penggambaran tempat, lokasi, atau ruangan secara rinci, dengan menekankan sudut pandang ruang dan waktu. Pembaca seolah-olah berjalan melalui tempat yang digambarkan dari berbagai segi (luar, dalam, atas, bawah).
Ciri-ciri:
Contoh
My Bedroom
When you enter my bedroom, you see a large blue bed in front of you. On the left side of the room stands a wooden study desk with a computer. Beside the desk is a small bookshelf containing my favorite books. On the right wall hangs a poster of my favorite band above a comfortable chair. Above the bed is a white ceiling with a modern lamp. On the floor lies a soft brown carpet that covers most of the space.
Selanjutnya ada factual description text yang menggambarkan objek (orang, hewan, benda) dengan mengungkapkan identitasnya secara apa adanya, seperti dalam laporan observasi atau laporan ilmiah. Menekankan informasi faktual dan terukur yang diperoleh melalui pengamatan langsung.
Ciri-ciri:
Contoh
Eagle
Eagles are large birds of prey with body lengths ranging from 26 to 40 centimeters. They have dark brown plumage with white head markings (in adult eagles). Their wingspan reaches up to 2.4 meters. Eagles have sharp curved beaks and strong talons for hunting. They feed primarily on fish, small mammals, and other birds. Eagles build large nests called eyries on tall trees or cliff edges. They are found across various continents, including North America, Europe, and Asia.
Jenis descriptive text ini Menggambarkan tempat atau kejadian yang bersifat khayalan/imajinasi, sering menggunakan majas (figure of speech) untuk menciptakan gambaran yang lebih hidup, dramatis, dan menarik. Penggambarannya harus dilihat dari berbagai segi sehingga tempat tersebut tergambar dengan jelas baik dalam pikiran maupun perasaan pembaca.
Ciri-ciri:
Contoh
The Enchanted Forest at Midnight
The moonlight dances through the ancient trees like silver threads weaving a magical tapestry. The forest whispers secrets to the wind, which carries them through the misty air. Shadows play hide-and-seek between the towering oaks, while the distant call of mystical creatures echoes in the darkness. The ground beneath is like a soft blanket of emerald moss, and the air smells of ancient mystery and forgotten dreams. It feels as though the forest itself is alive, breathing with the magic of a thousand untold stories.
Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful monuments in the world. It is located in Agra, a city in northern India. This magnificent structure was built between 1632 and 1653 by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died during childbirth.
The Taj Mahal stands on a vast platform made of white marble, which is elevated slightly above the surrounding land. The main building is a perfect square structure topped with a large white dome that reaches a height of approximately 73 meters. The dome is surrounded by four smaller domes at each corner, creating a symmetrical and harmonious appearance.
The entire structure is made of white marble that was brought from quarries more than 1,000 kilometers away. The marble surface is decorated with intricate inlay work using semi-precious stones such as jade, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. These stones are arranged in beautiful floral patterns and calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran, which add to the elegance and spiritual significance of the monument.
The Taj Mahal is flanked by two identical red sandstone buildings on either side with a mosque on the right and a guest house on the left. These structures complement the main building and enhance the overall architectural balance. A long reflecting pool runs down the center of the gardens in front of the monument, creating a mirror image of the Taj Mahal and adding to its breathtaking beauty.
The gardens surrounding the Taj Mahal are meticulously designed with symmetrical patterns, featuring walking paths, fountains, and flowering plants. The entire complex covers an area of approximately 42 acres and is surrounded by high walls. Visitors entering the gardens often describe a sense of peace and tranquility as they approach the monument.
Every year, millions of tourists from around the world visit the Taj Mahal to witness its extraordinary beauty and architectural excellence. The monument changes color throughout the day appearing pinkish in the morning, white during the day, and golden under the moonlight. In 1972, the Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognizing its outstanding universal value. Today, it remains a symbol of eternal love and one of the greatest masterpieces of human architecture.
Question 1: Who built the Taj Mahal and for whom was it built?
A. A Mughal king built it for his empress
B. Emperor Shah Jahan built it for his wife Mumtaz Mahal
C. A Mughal emperor built it for his son
D. An Indian king built it for his daughter
Answer: B
Question 2: How long did it take to construct the Taj Mahal?
A. More than 10 years
B. Approximately 20 years
C. Less than 5 years
D. 30 years
Answer: B
Explanation: The text states it was built between 1632 and 1653, which is approximately 21 years.
Question 3: What is the height of the main dome of the Taj Mahal?
A. 50 meters
B. 60 meters
C. 73 meters
D. 80 meters
Answer: C
Question 4: What are the main materials used in the construction of the Taj Mahal?
A. Limestone and sand
B. White marble and red sandstone
C. Concrete and steel
D. Granite stone
Answer: B
Question 5: Where did the white marble used for the Taj Mahal come from?
A. Local quarries in Agra
B. Nearby villages around the Taj Mahal
C. Quarries more than 1,000 kilometers away
D. The Himalayan Mountains
Answer: C
Question 6: What is the purpose of the long reflecting pool in front of the Taj Mahal?
A. To provide a place for visitors to bathe
B. To create a mirror image of the Taj Mahal
C. To serve as an irrigation system for the gardens
D. To act as a boundary between the gate and the main building
Answer: B
Explanation: The text states "A long reflecting pool runs down the center of the gardens...creating a mirror image of the Taj Mahal."
Question 7: What buildings are located on the left and right sides of the main Taj Mahal structure?
A. A library and a storehouse
B. A residence and a shop
C. A mosque and a guest house
D. A market and a small palace
Answer: C
Explanation: The text mentions "a mosque on the right and a guest house on the left."
Question 8: What is the total area of the Taj Mahal complex including its gardens?
A. 20 acres
B. 42 acres
C. 50 acres
D. 60 acres
Answer: B
Question 9: How does the appearance of the Taj Mahal change throughout the day?
A. It becomes dark when it rains
B. Its dome rotates following the sun
C. It appears pinkish in the morning, white during the day, and golden under moonlight
D. It appears transparent in the afternoon
Answer: C
Explanation: The text states "appearing pinkish in the morning, white during the day, and golden under the moonlight."
Question 10: In what year was the Taj Mahal designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site?
A. 1950
B. 1965
C. 1972
D. 1980
Answer: C
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Sumber gambar: Unsplash
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